processor essay Essay Example

processor article Essay Example processor article Essay processor article Essay Each PC has a Central Processing Unit (CPU) this goes about as the mind of your framework. It interfaces with the Motherboard and works close by different segments handling numerous directions simultaneously between the diverse equipment and memory frameworks. Progressions in CPU innovation currently mean frameworks regularly accompany Dual Core, Triple center or Quad Core processors (on one single chip) rather than the customary one center for every chip. Presently the all out number of Cores can opening into an attachment as in the past and a solitary warmth sink and fan can hold everything to the correct temperature. Sorts of processors: Intel Pentium Dual Core Processors The Intel Pentium processors with Intel double center innovation convey extraordinary work area execution, low force upgrades, and performing various tasks for regular registering. Intel Dual Core 13 Processors Intel Core 13 double center processors furnish 4-way performing multiple tasks ability with worked in execution headroom for programming updates. Intel Dual Core 15 Processors Intel Core 15 processors convey the following degree of profitability. With Intel Turbo Boost Technology this quad-center processor with 4-way performing various tasks ability conveys additional speed at whatever point you need. Intel Dual Core 17 Processors The Intel Core 17 processors convey top tier execution for the most requesting applications. This quad-center processor highlights 8-way performing various tasks ability and extra L3 reserve. My own view is there is little contrast between utilizing the two makes and have run many steady and quick frameworks utilizing the two makes. The AMD processors do will in general run more sultry than the Intel forms, however with a reasonable fan this is effectively monitored. How processors functions: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Figure 1: The Central Processing Unit The PC accomplishes its essential work in a piece of the machine we can't see, a control enter that changes over information contribution to data yield. This control community, called the focal preparing unit (CPL]), is a profoundly mind boggling, broad arrangement of electronic hardware that executes put away program directions. All PCs, huge and little, must have a focal handling unit. As Figure 1 shows, the focal preparing unit comprises of two sections: The control unit and the math/rationale unit. Each part has a particular capacity. BeTore we Olscuss tne control unlt ana tne arltnmetlc/loglc unlt In aetall, we have to think about information stockpiling and its relationship to the focal preparing unit. PCs se two kinds of capacity: Primary stockpiling and auxiliary stockpiling. The CPU collaborates intimately with essential stockpiling, or primary memory, alluding to it for the two directions and information. Thus this piece of the perusing will talk about memory with regards to the focal handling unit. In fact, notwithstanding, memory isn't a piece of the CPL]. Review that a PCs memory holds information just briefly, at the time the PC is executing a program. Optional capacity holds perpetual or semi-changeless information on some outer attractive or optical medium. The diskettes and CD-ROM circles that you have seen with PCs are optional capacity evices, as are hard plates. Since the physical characteristics of auxiliary stockpiling gadgets decide the manner in which information is sorted out on them, we will talk about optional stockpiling and information association together in another piece of our on-line readings. Presently let us think about the segments of the focal handling unit. 0 The Control Unit The control unit of the CPU contains hardware that utilizes electrical signs to guide the whole PC framework to do, or execute, put away program guidelines. Like a symphony head, the control unit doesn't execute program guidelines; rather, it guides different pieces of the framework to do as such. The control unit must speak with both the number juggling/rationale unit and memory. The Arithmetic/Logic Unit The number juggling/rationale unit (ALL) contains the electronic hardware that executes all math and consistent tasks. The number-crunching/rationale unit can perform four sorts of number-crunching activities, or numerical computations: expansion, deduction, increase, and division. As its name suggests, the number juggling/rationale unit additionally performs intelligent activities. A coherent activity is normally an examination. The unit can think about numbers, letters, or unique characters. The PC would then be able to make a move dependent on the consequence of the omparison. This is a significant ability. It is by contrasting that a PC is capable with tell, for example, regardless of whether there are unfilled seats on planes, whether charge-card clients have surpassed their credit cutoff points, and whether one possibility for Congress has a larger number of votes than another. Sensible tasks can test for three conditions: Equal-to condition. In a test for this condition, the number juggling/rationale unit thinks about two qualities to decide whether they are equivalent. For instance: If the quantity of tickets sold equivalents the quantity of seats in the assembly room, at that point the show is announced sold out. Not as much as condition. To test for this condition, the PC analyzes qualities to decide whether one is not exactly another. For instance: If the quantity of speeding tickets on an arlvers recoro Is less tnan tnree, tnen Insurance rates are $425; otnerwlse, tne rates are $500. More noteworthy than condition. In this sort of correlation, the PC decides whether one worth is more noteworthy than another. For instance: If the hours an individual worked for this present week are more noteworthy than 40, at that point increase each additional hour by 1. multiple times the standard time-based compensation to register extra time pay. A PC can all the while test for more than one condition. Truth be told, a rationale unit can as a rule recognize six legitimate connections: equivalent to, not exactly, more prominent than, not exactly or equivalent to, more prominent than or equivalent to, and not equivalent. The images that let you characterize the kind of examination you need the PC to perform are called social administrators. The most widely recognized social administrators are the equivalent sign(=), the not as much as image(). Registers: Temporary Storage Areas Registers are transitory capacity zones for guidelines or information. They are not a piece of memory; rather they are unique extra stockpiling areas that offer the upside of speed. Registers work under the bearing of the control unit to acknowledge, hold, and move directions or information and perform math or coherent examinations at fast. The control unit utilizes an information stockpiling register the way a storekeeper utilizes a sales register-as a brief, advantageous spot to store what is utilized in exchanges. PCs as a rule appoint uncommon jobs to specific registers, including these registers: An aggregator, which gathers the consequence of calculations. A location register, which monitors where a given guidance or bit of information is put away in memory. Every capacity area in memory is recognized by a location, Just as each house on a road has a location. A capacity register, which briefly holds information taken from or going to be sent to memory. A broadly useful register, which is utilized for a few capacities. Memory and Storage Memory is otherwise called essential stockpiling, essential memory, fundamental stockpiling, inner capacity, primary memory, and RAM (Random Access Memory); every one of these terms are utilized reciprocally by individuals in PC circles. Memory is the piece of the PC that holds information and directions for preparing. Albeit firmly connected with the entral preparing unit, memory is independent from it. Memory stores program directions or information for just as long as the program they relate to is in activity. Keeping these things in memory when the program isn't running isn't practical for three reasons: Most kinds of memory just store things while the PC is turned on; information is demolished when the machine is killed. In the event that more than one program is running on the double (regularly the case on enormous PCs and in some cases on little PCs), a solitary program can not make a case for memory. There may not be room in memory to hold the prepared information.

Model Driven Development Vs Test Driven Development Computer Science Essay

Model Driven Development Vs Test Driven Development Computer Science Essay Model driven improvement is a top-down, conventional methodology that has been around for quite a while. Test Driven Development (TDD) is a base up, new methodology as in it has gotten its incentive in the ongoing years. The focal point of MDD as the name suggests is on the models as opposed to on code that directs the advancement of programming though focal point of TDD is on the tests. There have been a few changes to MDD since the starting to manage the changing condition and complexities raised by ventures. TDD began as a piece of outrageous programming (XP) approach and has picked up ubiquity among numerous engineers as a different practice itself. Customary, hard cored MDD designers are acquainted with creating programming that appears to be progressively normal to them believing it to be an Engineering approach. TDD designers approach the issue in a very surprising point of view focusing on client perspectives on the framework. There are points of interest and weaknesses to th e two methodologies. For a great programming item that meets the objectives of the association, it is imperative to comprehend and apply the most reasonable philosophy while making certain exchange offs if vital. The best way to deal with follow relies upon a few components including the sort of association, kind of venture, and experience the engineers have. This paper is planned for clarifying Model driven and Test Driven advancement alongside contextual investigation and perceptions. 1. Model Driven Development or MDD. Model can be exactly characterized as â€Å"a portrayal of a framework from a specific viewpoint, overlooking superfluous detail with the goal that the qualities of intrigue are seen more clearly†. (Source: Patterns: Model-Driven Development Using IBM Rational Software Architect) Consider a model wherein there is a squeezing business need, for example, mechanization of specific procedures and understanding the information gathered in the business. In this circumstance a Business exists and there are individuals who are playing out certain business exercises in certain manner. These are the individuals who are considering having a device or a product item to assist them with expanding their efficiency and their usefulness. These individuals who are called Domain Experts or Subject Matter specialists or Business Experts comprehend what they need. Notwithstanding, they right now don't have any product item that will assist them with meeting their necessities. In this circumstance Domain Experts are the main impetus. They get things done with a specific goal in mind and expect the product item created for them address their issues ought to likewise get things done as such. Be that as it may, they don't have the foggiest idea how another product item will look lik e and how it will assist them with meeting their requirements. Individuals who build up this product item comprehend the necessities, yet they may miss the complexities of the ideal finished result. Building a MODEL will help ease this circumstance. A MODEL can be a chart, a liveliness or an introduction. On the off chance that the Software that must be created is extremely little or includes 1 or 2 individuals, at that point the procedure need not be so much organized, despite the fact that it makes a difference. Be that as it may, while building up a huge item which will include tens or many individuals having distinctive mastery, model will assist them with accomplishing this without any problem. Another item improvement constructing a Model is completely essential. This is comparable to a structural Engineer making a model of Building before it is really manufactured. Model Driven Development (MDD) is an approach that centers around structuring models at a theoretical level without considering the execution subtleties that direct the advancement procedure, concentrating on one piece of the framework to oversee unpredictability. Models help to investigate the issue and envision the procedure. Most generally utilized language for this reason for existing is Unified Modeling Language (UML). It builds up certain jargon and structure in order to comprehend and impart between different designers. Curios are created from the models, so the models are machine-clear, which is a significant part of MDD. MDD is additionally called as â€Å"Model Driven Engineering†. A usage of MDD is given by Object Management Group (OMG)s Model Driven Architecture (MDA). Focal point of MDA is on forward building, for example making code from demonstrating graphs. Aside from MDA, there are additionally different perspectives on MDD, for example, Domain Oriented Programming, Agile Model Driven Development, and so forth. MDA utilizes stage free model (PIM) to depict the framework usefulness as the initial step. Stage Independent Model (PIM) is a nonexclusive method of speaking to the end perspective on the item without considering any innovation or stages going to be utilized. This model just changes the Business prerequisites into a Model. This configuration doesn't contain a specific programming code however shows the end condition of the item in one of the Model improvement modes, for example, Diagrams, Flow Charts, and Animations and so on. In view of the PIM and thinking about some financial conditions or accessibility, an appropriate stage is chosen to build up the product. A model is then changed over from PIM to stage explicit model or PSM. . This contains programming code at a more elevated level. Stage is a free word in this unique situation. This can be alluded to kind of equipment, programming, working framework, programming language or mix of any of these set up. That is the reason picking a stage is identified with financial feasibility moreover. PSM can be thought of Developers model where as PIM can be suspected of Domain Experts or End clients model. UML portrayal utilizing IBMs Rational Rose can be considered as PIM. While, apparatuses like IBM WebSphere Studio and Borland Together/J are utilized for creating PSM. In these, we have CODE VIEW and MODEL VIEW. These two perspectives are synchronized together. At the point when code is changed in Code View, it is reflected in the Model View and the other way around. The models may contain fixed and variable information, business prerequisites, introduction components (structures, reports). On the off chance that one of these components transforms, they can be consolidated into the model to see the progressions that happen because of interdependencies. In light of the effects, the various depending code can be changed as needs be to oblige these changes. Models likewise depict what is known as the Gap Analysis. Models are first worked with an Ideal circumstance, yet actually the business forms and different viewpoints might be unique. In this way, the models will show the distinction between the Real Life circumstance and the End State Ideal circumstances. This will help the Business units to characterize the adjustments in Business Practices or the Developers to meet the Business needs and overcome any issues. An all around characterized Structured System Analysis and Design (SSAD) is required to create programming dependent on Models. In this procedure, the plan (Model) is taken as the premise to begin with the turn of events and as the improvement procedure is propelled, it is examined with the structure and tried against the Model and returned to meet the prerequisites. Henceforth, programming advancement utilizing MDD approach requires Domain (Business) specialists, programming designers, Team pioneers and Integration specialists. Somebody ought to likewise have the option to assume a Liaison job to comprehend the two sides of the table Business side and Software side. This individual will help every one of the master gatherings to comprehend the necessities of different gatherings and will overcome any issues. Number of emphasess in the undertaking advancement procedure will be diminished definitely if this Liaison individual has great information and is a specialist on the two sides. MDD is utilized with numerous improvement procedures, for example, cascade model, iterative model, winding model, and so forth. In MDD approach, a model assumes a significant job and structures the premise or driving system to build up a product item. Test Driven Development: Test Driven Development (TDD) began its underlying foundations in Extreme Programming (XP) approach. Later on, it turned into a famous strategy without anyone else. TDD was initially called â€Å"Test First Programming†. TDD can best be portrayed in three words as â€Å"Red-Green-Refactor† (source: Kent Beck). Straightforward pith of TDD is to compose tests before the code is composed. In the first place, unit tests are composed from the necessities. These tests will fall flat on the grounds that the code for it has not been composed. So as to compose the tests, it is essential for the designer to comprehend the prerequisites well. At that point, code that executes the experiments is composed. The code that is composed ought to be simply enough with the goal that the tests pass, no more, no less. This implies no forecast about the future story must be made. Test driven methodology is â€Å"then there† approach. This implies code is composed around then from the c lient story prerequisites without making any presumptions or forecasts about future. In the wake of composing the code, the tests are run and checked whether they succeed. In the event that they do, at that point software engineer can be guaranteed that the necessities were met. After this, a procedure called refactoring is finished. This alludes to improving the nature of code and evacuating any duplication in the code. On the off chance that the plan is improved, the engineer can be certain he isn't breaking any usefulness by running the tests once more. This procedure is rehashed for the experiments that follow. This procedure is appeared as a flowchart beneath: Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development There are various issues to consider in this procedure. Experiments are composed making little strides one after another, for example, usage of one strategy. It is critical to know the size of the experiment and when the experiment surpasses its constraint of usefulness to test. An experiment contains the accompanying: condition that indicates the frameworks express, an occasion that will be tried, lastly frameworks state after the occasion has happened. Pretty much every language has related apparatuses for composing these tests. By and large, they are XUnit tests accessible for every language. For instance,

Word Counter Details Options

Word Counter Details Options If you came to Word Counter to find out how many words happened to be in a piece youd written, youve likely noticed we offer a lot more information than just word count. While we started out primarily as a simple way for you to be able to count the number of words you had written, weve added a number of other Details to the counter over time. Currently, Word Counter offers 10 different Details areas located on the top right sidebar which can help you better understand your writing. The 10 Details options include the following: Words: This tells you how many words you have written. Unique Words: This tells you the number of unique words you have written. In the previous sentence, 11 words were written, but only 10 unique words were written because the word you was written twice. Characters: This tells you the number of character spots which have been used including the blank spaces between words when writing. Characters (no spaces): This tells you the number of characters youve written not counting the blank spaces between words. Sentences: This tells you the number of sentences youve written. Avg. Sentence (words): This tells you the average word length of all the sentences youve written. For example, if you write two sentences and one is 10 words and the other is 8 words, the average sentence length would be 9 words. Avg. Sentence (chars): This tells you the average number of characters in each sentence. This calculation includes the blank spaces between the words. Paragraphs: This tells you the number of paragraphs youve written. Reading Level: Reading level gives an approximation of what grade level the person reading your writing would need to have completed to understand what you have written. You can get a better understanding of reading level here. Reading Time: Reading time gives you an estimate of how long it would take for you to read what you have written. This is based on the average reading speed of 275 words per minute. Theres a good chance that you arent currently seeing all of the above-mentioned Details in your sidebar. Thats because only six are turned on by default when you visit the site. The default Details shown are Words, Characters, Sentences, Paragraphs, Reading Level, and Reading Time. The other four (Unique Words, Characters no spaces, Average Sentence words, and Average Sentence characters) have to be turned on for you to see them. In order to see all of the above 10 metrics displayed, you can click the Options button (at the bottom right of Word Counter writing area). Once in Options, you can then choose Details at the top. This will show all of the above-mentioned Details options and allow you to turn off or on the different options. In this way, you can customize the Details you want to be displayed exactly as you desire in the top right sidebar. We are always looking to improve all parts of Word Counter. If you have suggestions on other Details you think would be valuable to you as a writer to display, please contact us with your suggestions or leave a comment below. many of the Details we display came from writers like you who suggested we add them.

Childbirth Is A Celebrated Miracle Of Life - 1223 Words

Childbirth is a celebrated miracle of life. A moment in time, mothers and fathers remember forever. In the early nineteen hundreds, a mother’s main responsibility was staying home and caring for the children. On the other hand, fathers would work to provide food for his family. The passing of time yielded these gender personas obsolete. In numerous situations the woman earns the primary household income. Furthermore, these transformations have culminated with fathers taking paternity leave. As my thesis, I plan to illustrate the overall benefits associated with fathers taking paternity leave, and why it should be treated with equal precedence as maternity leave. During the first several weeks following childbirth, an infant requires continuous attention. For this reason, women are provided on average twelve weeks of maternity leave. What about a father? Even though a father does not physically go through labor and the emotional roller-coaster, fathers play a valuable and indis pensable role throughout pregnancy. Typically after childbirth a father continues to work. Additionally, he tends to the needs of his wife and child. This begs the question should a father be allotted the same treatment as a mother and obtain paternity leave. Protagonists of fathers gaining paternity leave argue that leave for fathers would lead them to be more involved in the child’s care in the future, and in time become the child’s primary care giver. Paternity leave can enhance aShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of The Chicago Maternity Center2383 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"If a sweeping pestilence struck down as many women in a community as are taken in childbirth we would immediately be aroused,† claimed Beatrice E. Tucker, Director and Associate Obstetrician of The Chicago Maternity Center. Beatrice was determined to helped needed women, in a needed community, in Chicago. (Tucker, Beatrice E., and Harry B. Benaron, 1) The Chicago Maternity Center was founded i n 1895, by Dr. Joseph DeLee. However, it was led and directed by Dr. Beatrice Tucker, accompanied by herRead More The Red Tent - An Unforgettable Testimony to Women’s Strength and Power3873 Words   |  16 PagesStrength and Power The Red Tent by Anita Diamant illuminates one of the greatest testimonies to women’s strength: childbirth. On a creative level, Diamant did something extraordinary. She took a small passage from the Bible about the character Dinah, and made her story into an unforgettable testimony to women’s strength and power. Overlooking women’s role in Biblical life is easy because there is practically nothing written by or about women. Even though Diamant’s story is fictionalized, thereRead MoreChristianity vs. Judaism Analysis1669 Words   |  7 Pagesmankind because he took part of their humanity. Christians also believe that Jesus is Adam’s descendant, they call this the â€Å"The Last Adam†. 1 Corinthians 15:45 states â€Å"Thus it is written, ‘The first man Adam became a living being; the last Adam became a life-giving spirit.’† .The belief of Jesus Christ being â€Å"The Last Adam† gives the Christians the idea that Jesus was a relative to all humans of all races. The second condition to fill-in for human suffering is; He must be fully divine. For an unearthlyRead MoreRoman Religion : Ancient Religion3334 Words   |  14 Pagesprecisely and correctly to at least placate at best, enlist help from those powers. Roman religion is set in stone as originating in the year 753BC, along with the foundation of Rome itself on 21st April, 753BC. On that day each year, the Romans celebrated the traditional festival of the Parilia (the festival was aimed at cleansing both shepherds and sheep), in honour of the god/goddess of the shepherds and sheep. The legend of the founding by Romulus explains how Numitor of Alba Longa, the localRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company and Disney Management25371 Words   |  102 Pagesand a little girl being invited to enjoy a â€Å"magic vacation† at the kingdom where â€Å"all dreams come true.† Six new attractions were added in 1994, including the Temple of Peril, Storybook Land, and the Nautilus attraction. Donald Duck’s birthday was celebrated on June 9—all in hopes of positioning EuroDisney as the number 1 European destination of short duration, one to three days. Faced with falling share prices and crisis talk among shareholders, Disney w as forced to step forward in late 1993 to rescueRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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And then came Christmas break. We went to Ã…re and I rented a snowmobile. Whenever life stands still, I want action. I always drive like a maniac. I ve gone 325 km/hr in my Porsche Turbo, leaving chasing Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesSkills 25 Case 1: Work/Life Balance at Baxter 25 Working with a Team: Understanding Diversity Issues 25 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Acting Ethically 26 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 26 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Invasion of Privacy? 9 WORKPLACE ISSUES: We Are Now Entering the Blogosphere 10 Workforce Diversity 10 The Workforce Today 10 DID YOU KNOW?: Chief Diversity Officer 11 How Diversity Affects HRM 11 WORKPLACE ISSUES: Diversity Awareness 12 What Is a Work/Life Balance? 12 DID YOU

Arithmetic

Organizational Ethics Essay - 1808 Words

Introduction Organizations and companies often face difficult ethical and moral issues that affect the overall well-being of the company. Making the right or wrong decision can cause companies to be either successful or failures. Leaders and managers have an obligation to stakeholders, officers, board members, employees, and customers to make the right ethical decisions. Making the wrong decisions can affect not only the lives of the board members but can also adversely affect employees as in the case of identity theft. Issue Clarification Identity theft is a major ethical issue facing companies and organizations worldwide. Employers have access to personal employee information such as social security numbers, credit reports, background†¦show more content†¦The costs associated with safeguarding this information maybe costly, however employers must take measures to ensure that personal information is secure. According to the Sacramento Bee, a massive data security breach at the Department of Consumer Affairs last month could cost taxpayers as much as $122,000 and the department may have to spend more than that to provide identity theft protection services to the more than 5,000 employees whose information was compromised (McIntosh, para. 1 2). When dealing with government agencies information breaches such as this is not uncommon due to the amount of employees with access to this information. A couple years ago the federal government experienced a personnel information breach which affected a large amount of veterans. During the Jeb Bush administration, the State of Florida outsourced its personnel functions to Convergys Corporation, a Cincinnati, Ohio based company. With Florida being the fourth most populous state, this was an enormous task that cost the state more than $280 million dollars for a seven-year contract (Rosenthal para. 1). When human resource management functions are outsourced the probability for a breach in information is likely because in most situations the information is given to several individuals who usually work in a call center. In most situations call center employees earnShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Ethics697 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Ethics Jessie Banks ETH/316 October 27, 2014 Mario Madrid Organizational Ethics Business policies and practices regarding potentially controversial issues are part of organizational ethics. These ethics are often guided by the law; most business uses ethics in order to be accepted by the public or to have a successful business. Ethical principles can address organizational issues which help the organization to follow good practices within their organization or company. I amRead MoreThe Ethics And Organizational Communications1448 Words   |  6 Pages The study of Ethics and organizational communications has been an ongoing subject. It has been introduced as a way to be a more effective communicator, especially pertaining to an organization. It is a practical way to improve morale between an employer to his employee as well as a client to an organization. Resolution of ethical behaviors and practices are essential to any organization. The following study of Ethics and organizational communications has been studied and explored by other scholarsRead MoreWhat Is Organizational Ethics?847 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Organizational Ethics? According to managementstudyguide.com, organizational ethics is the way an organization should respond to the external environment. Organization ethics includes various guidelines and principles which decide the way individuals should behave at the workplace. It also refers to the code of conduct of the individuals working in a particular organization. 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By exploring these different areas in a business context, we can overall have a better understanding of why individuals choose to behave a certain way when on the job. For ethical decision-making, I will explore the steps involved in the decision-making process and what internal factors of an individual cause he or she to make an ethical or unethical choice. In terms of conflict managementRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On The Ethics Of Organizational Communications1213 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the effects of technology on the ethics of organizational communications. How have the internet, e-mail, social media, etc., changed the landscape and associated practices and strategies? Technology moves at a pace that can easily outrun ethical standards surrounding its use. Sometimes it is very easy to outrun the ethical side of the communication process. This has led to courtroom battles, quick job terminations and complaints filed with the National Labor Relations Board. ThereRead MoreCorporate Leaders Are Responsible for Organizational Ethics1098 Words   |  4 Pages(1) It is important that an organization have values. And the role of any leader should be to establish and enforce these values. Corporate Leaders are responsible for organizational ethics. In Sims Brinkman (2002), according to a report from the Business Roundtable, leadership is crucial to organizational ethics and to achieve these results the CEO and other leaders need to be openly and strongly committed to ethical conduct. They do this by giving constant leadership and renewing the valuesRead MoreOrganizational Ethics Issue Resolution Essay1780 Words   |  8 PagesOrganizational Ethics Issue Resolution Organizations are always being faced with ethical dilemmas and situations that affect their decision-making. For businesses to be successful, they need to be able to resolve ethical issues that may arise in the workplace. Resolving ethical issues within an organization takes time, communication, and implementation. Managers have to communicate to other employees what is expected of them of how they should react in an ethical situation. When managersRead MoreOrganizational Business Ethics Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesWhen conducting a business proposition whether locally or in another country ethics will always have an impact on the decision to be made, ethics makes up the majority of how individuals feel about whether or not they are willing to accept or reject the decisions to do business. As we discuss the ethical perspectives or business ethics of a foreign country it will show how and what is the difference. 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Research and Development Activities Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Research and Development Activities. Answer: Introduction Research and development is defined as the activities undertaken by the firms and the industries in order to foster and improve its existing products and services range. This also helps the organisations to introduce newer products in its portfolio as well. Presently the need for investment in the research and development sector has received significant attention from the researchers and the policymakers (Appel et al., 2016). This is because a wide range of empirical studies suggest that investment in research and development helps to achieve economic growth. The theorists who put forward the new growth theory have argued regarding the fact that contributing in the research and development activities would certainly help the organization in long term value creation. In a research report published by OECD pointed out the fact that a one percent increase in the research and development stock would contribute towards increasing the growth of multifactor productivity by 0.13 percent (Bec her et al., 2017). Henceforth, it can also be said that investment in the research and development activities is not only important from the aspect of the overall development of the country but also helps in long term survival and growth of the organizations a well. This paper will focus on determining the key factors that contribute in determining the research and development expenditures of the firms. As pointed out by Choi et al., (2015), organizations specifically the technology intensive industries rely more on the research and development activities in order to obtain competitive advantage and thereby foster in the competitive marketplace. However, it has been observed that firms differ in investing on research and development activities even after controlling the industry, performance ad firm size. Hypothesis development The previous researches available in this context mainly identifies the two main components ownership structure and board size as the key variables for determining the amount investments in the research and development activities. In the light of the previous research works it can be stated that ownership structure in the cornerstone of the corporate governance of an organization (Ntim et al., 2015). In various developed countries like United States and United Kingdom protecting the shareholders is considered as good, firms which are listed publicly are generally identified with a concentrated structure of ownership where it is controlled by a single and large stakeholder group. This type of stakeholders are known as the controlling owner or the controlling shareholder of the company. As the literature suggests there are two different perspective of the relationship between ownership structure and investment in the research and development activities (Meyer and Peng, 2016). In the context of the agency perspective it can be stated that in case of the family firms the conflict between the owners and managers is minimized. The researchers who have conducted research in this regard have observed that owners possess incentive in seizing or expropriating the minor stakeholders (Matzler et al., 2015). The controlling stakeholder in this case not only control determine the strategies of running the firm but also determine the process of the distribution of profit. Hence, in the agency perspective the controlling owner possesses the opportunity to exploit the entire firms profit and thereby control the amount of investment indifferent sectors. The incident of expropriation has also been substantiated by different research works. On the contrary the stewardship context suggests that unlike agency theory the owners and managers are driven by the high order needs such as the need for self-actualization, growth and achievement (Feng et al., 2018). As a result of this they promote collectivistic behavior as well. The family owners reputation and fortune are closely related to the business and hence they have strong emotional investment in the business. Therefore it is quite normal that these approach suggests that the owners are more likely to invest in the research and development activities so as to enhance their business. The second independent variable as selected on the basis of the previous research work is the board size. It has always been argued that board size can effectively determine the amount of resources needed by a firm. If the organization possesses more that one director it would certainly have a pool of information and level of expertise (Park et al., 2017). On an added notion, a larger board is more likely to possess significant linkage with the external resources which in turn increases the firms accessibility to various important resources. In order to develop and implement improved research and development activities firms are required access to skills, expertise and knowledge (berg et al., 2017). Hence a larger board size will help an organization to integrate intellectual knowledge and process valuable information as efficiently as possible and thereby cope with the higher demand of information processing. This also assists the firm in improving the efficient investment decision making process in the context of research and development (Bromiley et al., 2015). On the basis of the aforesaid discussion the developed hypothesis of this paper is as follows, The amount of investment in the research and development sector is affected by the board size and ownership structure. Methodology In order to test the hypothesis dataset has been collected from VISION. The excel file contained data regarding all the 42 publicly listed organizations in the main board of London Stock Exchange. It ranged from 2003 to 2011 and it has been observed that the data is a panel data. This means it is the combination of cross sectional and time series data. However, this specific type of panel data is categorized as the unbalanced panel, this is because it does not contain the data for all the years for all the organizations. In order to analyze this type of unbalanced panel data fixed and random effect model has been used and finally the Hausman test is used to identify which test should be accepted. Moreover, the data is analyzed in STATA. Figure 1: Fixed Effect Model (Source: Generated by STATA) The first test that is the fixed effect test depicts the result that probability of board sixe is less than 5% and hence the null hypothesis is needed to be accepted which means that the board size affects the investment on research and development. On the other hand, the other independent variable has been observed to be insignificant as the probability is observed to be higher that 5%. Figure 2: Random Effect Model (Source: Generated by STATA) In the second test that is the random effect test also the board size seems to be a significant variable as the probability is less than 5% and in this case as well the ownership structure has been observed to insignificant. Figure 3: Hausman Test (Source: Generated by STATA) In order to verify which test should we accept, Hausman test has been performed. In Hausman test the null hypothesis is that Null Hypothesis: The random effect model is true Alternative Hypothesis: The fixed effect model is true As the probability is higher than that of the 95% confidence interval the null hypothesis should be rejected and alternative hypothesis should be accepted. Hence it can be stated that the board size significantly impacts over the investment in research and development while the data suggests that ownership structure is insignificant in this case. Conclusion On a concluding note it can be stated that board size is an effective determinant of the amount investment in the research and development sector of an organisation. The secondary research substantiates the fact with a few empirical findings which suggests that if a firm possesses more than one director it is quite evident that it would possess access to more expertise, skills and connections to the external world. 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